Proceedings of the Global Public Health Conference
ISSN 2613-8417 (Online) Proceedings of the Global Public Health Conference is a peer-reviewed, open-access proceedings which aims to disseminate knowledge on the field of Global Public Health to the readers by publishing original research and reviews in the related field. The scope includes issues related with Non-Communicable Diseases, Maternal and Child Health, Occupational Health, Best Practices in Healthcare, Risky Behaviour, Environmental, Social and Community Based Public Health. Learn more about GLOBEHEAL Conference
VIOLENT ATTACKS ON NURSES AS BARRIERS TO ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE IN SOUTH AFRICA
Crime in South Africa delays progress towards universal health coverage. Universal health coverage means citizens have access to quality essential healthcare services without suffering financial hardships. The media reports about increasing violent attacks on nurses where valuable medical equipment and infrastructure at healthcare facilities are destroyed and stolen resulting in some nurses withdrawing their labour, others refusing to work after-hours leaving some facilities with inadequate staff, medicines, supplies and equipment. Violent attacks on nurses phenomenon is a complex public health issue which requires multidisciplinary solutions. This qualitative study explores and describes the impact of violent attacks on nurses through a public health and criminology lens to suggest multidisciplinary and comprehensive solutions. Data was obtained from South African online news articles, mainly Google News and Juta MedicalBrief, using key word searches such as ‘attack on nurses’ and ‘healthcare workers violence’. Retrieved news articles referred to other articles resulting in a chain-referral sampling. A thematic analysis guided by the three elements of universal health coverage was conducted, the three themes being population coverage, range of health services provided, and out-of-pocket expenditure emerged. Two criminological theories are applied to provide the possible explanation of the victimisation of nurses; these theories are the Routine Activity Theory and the Self-Control Theory. Results show that some essential services become unavailable, some facilities stop operating during the evenings and over weekends, which forces patients to spend money to access services far from where they reside and, in the process, suffer financial hardships. Crime is reported to be high in South Africa and affects everyone. The media increasingly reports about violent attacks on nurses. These attacks retards progress towards achievement of universal health coverage as it affects availability of nurses, negatively leading to unavailability of services at affected facilities. Patients are then forced to travel long distances to access healthcare services elsewhere. The media raises public awareness on this challenge, and this should spur a joint action to develop comprehensive solutions. Based on the Routine Activity Theory, the authors argue that nurses are victimised in public healthcare facilities because of the convergence of three elements which are the motivated offender, a suitable target, and a lack of capable guardian. The capable guardian could be the security personnel or other workers to intervene during the criminal victimisation. Applying the Self-Control Theory to explain victimisation of nurses, the authors put forth that perpetrators who victimise nurses are low in self-control and are in pursuit of immediate, easy and short-term pleasure. As such, they insult, physical manhandle nurses or steal from them, without considering that they may be punished for their actions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sogo Matlala, Bernad Mutsago, Olinda Chabalala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PEER EDUCATION MODEL FOR FAMILY LIFE PREPARATION IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS OF ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOLS
The high rate of early marriage in Indonesia is linear with the number of early marriages that occur among female adolescent in Islamic Boarding Schools (IBS). Several studies have shown that female adolescent do not yet have a good family life plan (do not know the safe age to marry, plan to have many children, do not know the safe pregnancy spacing and do not plan to use contraception). The purpose of this study was to develop peer education model in the intention of preparing family life for female adolescent in IBS (age of first marriage, number of children, pregnancy spacing and family planning). The study was conducted using quasi eksperimen pre-post test with control group design. The study was conducted in traditional IBS in EastJava Province, Indonesia. The research period was December 2022 to October 2023. The research sample was female adolescent aged 15-24 years, have been boarding for more than one year, in good health and have never participated in reproductive health education programs and preparation for family life during at IBS. The total sample is 204 with 51 respondents per group. There are three intervention groups (conventional, peer education of young ustadzah, peer education of fellow dormitories). Data analysis was carried out using the Generalized Linear Model Repeated Measure statistical test. The results of the study show that peer education has an effect in increasing the intention of preparing for family life of female adolescent in traditional IBS. Peer education of fellow dormitories has the most effect on increasing intention, especially in the 2nd and 3rd month measurements. Statistically showed no difference between young ustadzah and fellow dormitories peer education. So that pesantren administrators need to involve peers in program implementation to maximize the expected results.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azizatul Hamidiyah, Sandra Fikawati, Ahmad Syafiq, Nahe’i Nahe’i, Sabarinah Prasetyo, Waryono Waryono, Edi Setiawan, Wendy Hartanto, Dien Anshari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MPOX OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION AMONG HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS IN YOGYAKARTA CITY, INDONESIA, 2024
In July 2022, WHO declared mpox as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) due to its rapid spread and caused outbreaks worldwide. In December 2023, an outbreak of mpox infections occurred in Yogyakarta City. The investigation aimed to explore sociodemographic and risk factors of the outbreak -and recommend control measures. A descriptive study was conducted from December 6, 2023, to March 2, 2024. Active case finding through direct interviews with the cases followed by contact tracing. Cases defined as individuals presenting with skin rashes include single or multiple lesions on the anogenital area or other areas of the body, for which the rash is not caused by other diseases and confirmed through diagnostic tests using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Two confirmed cases of mpox were found without an epidemiological link with zero death. Both cases were 35 and 34 years-old males with a history of HIV-positive under regular ARV treatment, experiencing fever, lesions, anogenital pain, fatigue, and diarrhea. One of them had syphilis (50%). Risk factors include sexual orientation as a man who has sex with men (MSM) and bisexual, with no history of travelling abroad. During treatment, they were instructed to self-isolation along with close contacts, including sexual partners. There has been local transmission of mpox in Yogyakarta City, especially among key populations. Health authorities should increase awareness, enhance surveillance, case detection and health promotion to limit the spread of the disease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Boy Shandy, Amira Nada Fatikha, Anandi Iedha Retnani, Solikhin Dwi Ramtana, Risalia Reni Arisanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-ASSISTED TOOLS AND CONVENTIONAL TOOLS FOR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS SCREENING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Tuberculosis is a preventable and curable disease, however, it remains as the second leading cause of death worldwide. Systematic screening for TB is one of the key active approaches of the End TB Strategy. However, conventional tools for TB screening have some limitations. AI-based algorithms could be developed, which can help in improving the performance of conventional screening methods. This study intends to evaluate the diagnostic test accuracy of AI-assisted PTB screening tools by meta-analyzing existing literature, and comparison of sensitivity and specificity, as well as assessment of factors which may influence the diagnostic performance of AI-assisted TB screening tools. Literature search was done through electronic databases, reference tracking, and library search. The Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram was used to report the selection and screening of relevant studies between 2014 to 2024. A final count of 31 studies were included in this analysis. Quality assessment was done through the use of QUADAS-C tool. Meta analysis was done through RevMan 5.4.1 and STATA 17. Sensitivity and specificity were used in this analysis. A subgroup analysis was also conducted. The AI-assisted screening tools for pulmonary tuberculosis showed a pooled sensitivity of 93.84% (95% CI: 90.88-95.88) and 83.27% (95% CI: 73.41-89.97), and a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 75.829 (95% CI: 33.19-173.23). Machine Learning (ML) algorithms yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity at 95.06% (95% CI:83.57-98.64) and 91.01% (95% CI: 76.76-96.88) respectively among the AI algorithm subgroup. The results of the meta-analysis done show that AI-assisted screening tools for pulmonary tuberculosis are viable options to improve screening for pulmonary tuberculosis. More robust, multi-center clinical studies regarding the diagnostic accuracy of these AI-assisted tools must be conducted in order to ensure a more valid and generalizable study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Conrigo Boya Santos, Jejunee Rivera, Vladimir Alexis Sustento https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) IMPLEMENTATION IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA: A 2023 ASSESSMENT
The Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) program is essential for reducing new HIV infections. This study evaluated PMTCT implementation in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in 2023 using a descriptive qualitative approach and the CIPPO model (Context, Input, Process, Product, Outcome). Data were gathered through interviews with stakeholders from the Provincial and District Health Offices, Community Health Centers, and hospitals. The results showed that PMTCT has been integrated into antenatal care, including HIV testing, referrals, labor management, newborn prophylaxis, breastfeeding support, and follow-up for HIV-positive mothers. Community education efforts helped reduce HIV stigma. However, challenges such as the absence of routine HIV testing in pre-marital medical exams, unplanned pregnancies, and the high mobility of pregnant women hinder case detection and monitoring. While implementation aligns with health regulations, improvements are needed to strengthen collaboration across sectors and with NGOs. This study highlights key areas for enhancing PMTCT services and contributes practical insights for achieving the goal of zero new HIV infections by 2030. Addressing identified barriers and leveraging existing strengths can lead to more comprehensive and equitable HIV prevention strategies in maternal and child health services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Niken Meilani, NS, YK, Primus Radixto Prabowo; Queenaisya Elfaiza Wibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN TUBERCULOSIS CONTACT INVESTIGATION: STUDY FROM JANUARY TO SEPTEMBER 2024 IN BOYOLALI DISTRICT, INDONESIA
Tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation is a crucial part of the TB control strategy. Boyolali District has yet to reach the contact investigation target, with only 21.1% of cases having undergone contact investigation in September 2024, far below the targeted 90%. This study aims to identify factors associated with tuberculosis contact investigation in Boyolali District. Using a cohort retrospective study on bacteriological TB patients registered in the tuberculosis information system from January to September 2024. Individual data (age, gender, residence, history of TB treatment, and HIV status) and health facilities characteristics (ownership and type) were analyzed with chi-square and logistic regression. We found that contact investigation was primarily conducted in aged 31-40 years (24.3%) and 51-60 years (24.3%), male gender (63.5%), living in Boyolali District (94.6%), having no history of TB disease (70.3%), not knowing HIV status (94.6%), seeking treatment at government-owned health facilities (93.2%) at public health centers (75.7%). Chi-square analysis showed that residencies (p-value = 0.02), ownership of health facility (p-value = 0.00), and type of health facility (p-value = 0.01) were associated with case investigation. Logistic regression revealed that patients living in Boyolali District (p- value = 0.03; OR = 3.3; 95%CI = 1.15 – 9.56), those treated at government-owned health facilities (p- value = 0.01; OR = 3.7; 95%CI = 1.42 – 9.52), and those attending public health center (p- value = 0.00; OR = 2.4; 95%CI = 1.34 – 4.40) were more likely to be investigated for tuberculosis contact. Outreach to patients outside the district and those treated at private health facilities, particularly hospitals, is essential for improving TB contact investigation coverage. Furthermore, strengthening health facility coordination, health worker capacity, and regular evaluations are crucial for optimizing investigations and reducing TB transmission.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amira Nada Fatikha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DETERMINANTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE RETENTION AMONG INFORMAL WORKERS IN PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA
This study aimed to investigate the determinants of Retention in National Health Insurance (NHI) in Cambodia, among the informal workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Surveys of 424 informal workers in Phnom Penh from September to October 2024 were conducted. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the factors associated with NHI retention among the informal workers. The results revealed that having completed secondary school or higher, working in industrial or service sectors, perceiving high technical and interpersonal quality of healthcare, perceiving comprehensive benefit coverage, and perceiving good availability of healthcare services were significantly associated with retention in the NHI scheme. Additionally, participants with a good level of knowledge about the benefit package were more likely to maintain active membership. It was concluded that while socio-economic and accessibility factors play a critical role, motivational and ability-related factors, such as knowledge of benefit packages, positive perceptions of service quality, and attitudes toward coverage, substantially influence informal workers’ decision to remain enrolled in the scheme. Improving awareness of benefit entitlements and promoting the technical and interpersonal aspects of healthcare quality through targeted health education interventions may enhance NHI retention among informal workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nimol Kheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF A CHIKUNGUNYA OUTBREAK IN GUNUNGKIDUL DISTRICT, INDONESIA (MAY–AUGUST 2024)
Gunungkidul District Early System was notified by the Paliyan Public Health Center about a rise in cases of sudden fever and arthralgia in the week of the 22nd. A team of the District Health Office and Paliyan Public Health Center’s staff and FETP UGM residents conducted an epidemiological investigation.We used 1:1 unmatched case-control study design. Cases were defined as individuals with fever and arthralgia, with/without positive chikungunya lab results, who lived in Pampang Village, Paliyan Sub-district. The controls were healthy residents in the same neighborhood with cases. The total sample was 184 (92 cases and 92 controls). In-depth interviews and observation with structured questionnaires were used for data collection demographics, risk factors, and environmental data. Blood samples were tested using Rapid Diagnostic Test at a health laboratory. The analysis involved chi-square and multiple binomial regression methods.The majority of the cases were female (57.6%), with an age group of 19-59 (58.7%), and residents living in the neighborhood of RT 10/RW 03 (35.9%). All cases had fever and arthralgia. More than half had headaches (59.8%), rash (40.2%), and nausea (22.8%). Eleven samples were tested positive for Chikungunya. The House Index (HI) for larvae is 28.97%. The presence of mosquito larvae around the house (aOR=2.12; 95% CI=1.36 – 2.87) and the habit of collecting rainwater (aOR=1.68; 95% CI=1.02 – 2.45) were associated with higher illness risk in this outbreak. A chikungunya outbreak occurred in Gunungkidul District from 15 May 2024 to 5 August 2024, was linked to mosquito larvae presence and the community's rainwater collection habit. Education and promotion of health behaviors and implementation of the comprehensive 3M Plus Mosquito Nest Eradication Program (PSN) must be improved
Copyright (c) 2025 Denis Oxy Handika, Sidig Hery Sukoco, Riris Andono Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Ambient air pollution is a global threat in the 21st century, and its relationship to human health has been the focus of increasing research. The effects on development of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment, however, have not been extensively researched. Information is sparse on whether there is an association and what exactly the mechanism of insult might be. Meanwhile, global life expectancy and the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease as a cause of elderly dementia are on the rise. This study aims to explore the association between Alzheimer's disease and chronic exposure to ambient air pollution. PubMed and Embase were queried with the following string: Air AND (pollution OR PM2.5 OR PM10 OR NO2 OR SO2 OR carbon monoxide OR ozone) AND (Alzheimer OR dementia OR cognition OR cognitive decline) for papers published between 2020 and 2024. 36 articles meeting review criteria were found, and 8 articles were selected for contextual information. The simple answer was yes; ambient air pollution, most often PM2.5, appears to increase the risk for dementia and cognitive decline. Insights into mechanisms were also found, including direct deposition of particles and cortical atrophy. There is even some evidence that the damage is attenuable. However, the study has limitations as there has been no statistical analysis of the studies presented, and the search criteria were not created in accordance with any standard. As countries tend toward clean air, further research into the prevention of air pollution related cognitive impairment is warranted. The greatest gap in research is in prevention, though one study herein suggests a strong policy enforced by governments may help prevent excess cases of Alzheimer’s disease due to air pollution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tavon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RISK PERCEPTIONS AND SELF-CARE BEHAVIOR TOWARD CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN LAO PDR
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the second leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and related mortality worldwide. Previous reports indicated an increased risk of CKD in the Lao PDR due to poor diet and poor physical activity. The number of patients with CKD has increased, from 4.24% in 2020 to 8.55% in 2022. This cross-sectional study aims to examine factors in self-care behavior among people with type 2 DM who visited three tertiary care hospitals in Lao PDR. The study was conducted at the OPD of these hospitals. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information using structured questionnaires from September to October 2024. A total of 433 subjects completed this study. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted on the data. Only 41% of respondents demonstrated good self-care behavior. Those who were underweight and normal BMI (AOR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.12 - 2.65), less knowledge of self-care practices (AOR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26-0.93), high perceived severity of CKD (AOR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.32-3.14), low perceived barriers to performing self-care practices (AOR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.09-2.69). Based on the findings, it is recommended that CKD prevention among individuals with Type 2 DM be enhanced. Culturally tailored awareness campaigns and health services specifically for high-risk groups are essential. Local healthcare authorities and relevant institutions are encouraged to implement targeted interventions to address these issues effectively. Policymakers and health officials should prioritise improving diabetes care and preventing CKD. Enhancing education about the risks of CKD for individuals with Type 2 DM is crucial. Furthermore, developing risk assessment tools that connect risk perception to health- related behavior could help reduce the burden of CKD and diabetes complications in Laos.
Copyright (c) 2025 vannasith phonlevong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPERIENCE OF CYBERBULLYING AND PRACTICES TO COPE WITH IT AMONG HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS IN HANOI
This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence, types, and coping strategies associated with cyberbullying among adolescents in Hanoi, Vietnam. This demographic is particularly vulnerable as Vietnamese adolescents lack access to adequate support resources. Using respondent-driven sampling to provide a safe and confidential platform for discussing a sensitive topic, data was collected through self- administered online surveys based on the cyberbullying measurement scale and coping strategy framework developed by Patchin and Hinduja. A total of 253 students aged 13–18 from public schools participated in the study. Results revealed that 51.4% of participants had experienced at least one of six forms of cyberbullying, and 77.9% had witnessed others being cyberbullied. These behaviors often led to emotional distress among victims, emphasizing the significant psychological impact of cyberbullying on adolescents. Additionally, the study explored coping strategies and found that students frequently lacked effective mechanisms to address cyberbullying incidents. The most common response was seeking advice from friends, reported by 40.7% of participants, while fewer students turned to parents, teachers, or professional support systems for help. This limited reliance on adults or institutional resources highlights a potential gap in support systems available to students in the effectiveness or accessibility of current support systems. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive educational interventions aimed at raising awareness about cyberbullying and equipping students with practical tools to manage and respond to such incidents effectively. Schools and policymakers should prioritize the development of programs that foster digital resilience, enhance peer support networks, and encourage the involvement of trusted adults to create a safer online environment for adolescents. Initiatives like peer mentoring programs can empower adolescents to support one another, fostering a safer and more connected online environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Julia D https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF MEDICAID COVERAGE ON MENTAL HEALTH, WHY INSURANCE MAKES PEOPLE HAPPIER IN OHIE: BY SPENDING LESS OR BY SPENDING MORE?
The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment (OHIE) offers a unique opportunity to examine the causal relationship between Medicaid coverage and happiness among low-income adults, using an experimental design. This study leverages data from comprehensive surveys conducted at 0 and 12 months post-treatment. Previous studies based on OHIE have shown that individuals receiving Medicaid exhibited a significant improvement in mental health compared to those who did not receive coverage. The primary objective is to explore how Medicaid coverage impacts happiness, specifically analyzing in which direction do variations in healthcare spending significantly improve mental health: higher spending or lower spending after Medicaid. Utilizing instrumental variable (IV) regression, I conducted six separate regressions across subgroups categorized by expenditure levels and happiness ratings, and the results reveal distinct patterns. Enrolling in OHP has significantly decreased the probability of experiencing unhappiness, regardless of whether individuals had high or low medical spending. Additionally, it decreased the probability of being pretty happy and having high medical expenses, while increasing the probability among those with lower expenses. Concerning the probability of being very happy, the OHP only had a positive effect on being very happy and spending less, and its effect on those with high expenses was insignificant. These findings align with the benefit of Medicaid: alleviating financial burden, contributing to the well-being of distinct subgroups.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yangyang Li https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMPOWERING LESOTHO'S TOMORROW: YOUTH-DRIVEN INNOVATION IN PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE
This study is rooted in the imperative to incorporate the voices of youth into the development of programmes and policies, in Lesotho. The aim was to understand the health and well-being challenges they face and to highlight the need for innovative, preventive, and participatory interventions, which include their unique perspectives and contributions. The research involved 180 children, both boys and girls, from various ecological zones, using a qualitative approach to gather detailed insights. Data were collected using Participatory Learning Approach tools, including Social and Resource Mapping, Cause and Effect Analysis, which were supplemented by Key Informant Interviews. The study team also conducted 18 Focus Group Discussions, aimed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the children’s perspectives, experiences and needs. The study unveils several health challenges that young people in Lesotho face, including malnutrition, limited access to healthcare, and gender-based violence. Despite these difficulties, the stories shared by the participants show a strong sense of resilience and a keen desire to be actively involved in policymaking and interventions related to their health and well-being. The findings have significant implications. They provide a framework for health professionals and policymakers to incorporate the perspectives of children and youth into preventive health strategies. Additionally, the study highlights the need for a shift in public health discussions, advocating for inclusive policy development that considers the unique needs and rights of young populations. These insights, though specific to Lesotho, could be valuable in similar contexts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sonia Mairos Ferreira, Kimanzi Muthengi, Malume Mohale, S Mokhameleli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNVEILING COMMUNITY-CENTRIC DYNAMICS FOR IMPROVED HEALTH AND NUTRITION OUTCOMES: EVALUATIVE INSIGHTS ON AN INTEGRATED NUTRITION AND HIV/AIDS PROGRAMME IN LESOTHO
From September 2019 to March 2023, UNICEF and the Government of Lesotho ran a three-year Integrated Nutrition and HIV/AIDS program across all districts. The main goal was to improve the health and nutrition of women and children, especially those affected by HIV/AIDS. The program aligned with global and regional directives, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 3, and 5, Africa's Agenda 2063, and various national health strategies of Lesotho. The evaluation used a theory-driven methodology, leveraging the program’s Theory of Change (ToC) and Logical Framework (LogFrame) to assess key outcomes and outputs. A mixed-method approach included reviewing 20 essential documents and collecting primary qualitative and quantitative data at national, district, and community levels. Three districts and six communities were randomly selected for a comprehensive evaluation. The qualitative methods involved key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs), supplemented by quantitative surveys of 48 households and 21 supervisors. Despite some challenges, there were significant positive changes in community health behaviours and nutritional outcomes, supported by community engagement, local governance, and behaviour change strategies. Male engagement notably contributed to achieving the program’s objectives. These findings provide a deeper understanding of community-centred program dynamics and offer important lessons for future health and nutrition interventions in marginalized settings. They also contribute valuable insights to both practical and policy discussions on integrated health programs.
integrated nutrition-HIV/AIDS programmes
Copyright (c) 2024 Sonia Mairos Ferreira, L Mathule , K Muthengi , N Khumalo , A Hasnain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCHOOL INTEGRATED MEDICAL OUTREACH:AN APPROACH TO ENHANCE HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY IN TURKANA, KENYA
School integrated medical outreach ,is an approach that aims at delivering basic health care services to school going children by linking schools to catchment community health units and health facilities.The approach is in line with the Universal Health coverage strategy ,that puts communities at the center-stage of health care delivery services,with minimal delays and cost. In Turkana county,access to static health facilities is between 5 to 50 kilometers,this is a huge challenge to children as they are vulnerable to abuses,when they go to seek medical attention at static health facilities and at the health facilities,there are no specific services for children,even when they are in uniform,they are not given the attention they deserve,notwithstanding the fact that they have missed class hours ,impacting on their academic performance.Mapping and zoning of schools within 0-20 kilometers from the static health facility, and in a strategy dubbed #TakingHospitalstoschoolschallenge#,the link community units staff plan,organize and conduct schools dialogue days(SDAs) and School Action Days(SADs),where schools are recognized as School Health Units(SHUs).The link health facility in consultation with school management and community unit organize school medical outreach on agreed schedule.The focus of the approach is schools located in nomadic pastrolist areas and hard to reach areas,which form 65% of schools .From 2019 to 2023,the link facility health care workers have managed to visit 45 schools,with a population of 87,706,treating 76,364 ,and further referring 6,017 to the link health facility for more review
Copyright (c) 2024 Rael Akoru, Dr. Fatuma Rajab; Ms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT SUCCESS IN BANTUL, INDONESIA: SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS INFORMATION SYSTEM 2020–2022
Indonesia has the world's second-highest number of tuberculosis (TB) patients. Patients with TB frequently experience boredom and a lack of medication adherence, resulting in lower treatment rates. This study was conducted to identify factors associated with successful TB treatment using a Tuberculosis Information System (SITB), the centralized system used to record and report TB cases. We conducted the cross-sectional study using secondary data from SITB for 2020-2022. Treatment success was the sum of cure and treatment completion. Loss to follow-up, death, and treatment failure were defined as unsuccessful treatment. Age, gender, contact investigation, type of TB diagnosis, anatomical site, treatment history, diabetes status, and HIV status were the independent variables. The dependent variable was the treatment outcome. Inclusion criteria include TB patients over the age of 15 with treatment results, whereas incomplete data was excluded. Total sampling was used. We applied multiple logistic regression to analyze the factors associated with treatment results. Only 421 of the 1377 data obtained were complete and analyzed. Most of them received standard therapy (92.53%), aged 15-64 years (95.03%), females (96.30%), and had contact investigation (97.45%). The significant factors for TB treatment success were age (aOR 5.61; 95% CI 2.42-12.99), gender (aOR 2.68; 95% CI 1.01-7.07), type of TB diagnosis (aOR 0.43; 95% CI 0.19-0.99), and contact investigation (aOR 3.37; 95% CI 1.09-10.39). TB patients of productive age, female, bacteriologically confirmed, and performing a contact investigation had a greater probability of successful therapy. Multisectoral collaboration is required for tuberculosis control; contact tracing should be encouraged to improve treatment outcomes for tuberculosis in index cases and other risk factors should be explored to establish a population-level intervention.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT
Copyright (c) 2024 Soraya Isfandiary Iskandar, Samsu Aryanto, Bayu Satria Wiratama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NOVEL CHAKRA SADHANA YOGA-BASED TREATMENT APPROACH FOR POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) AND DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID)-A CASE STUDY
This study investigates the efficacy of yoga therapy in improving quality of life in a patient diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder with the application of ancient yogic chakra sadhana method. This case study is of 35year female who had six different dissociative characters of different age groups from 6years to 74years females. All these characters are identified as a distress caused due to sexual abuse. Intervention of the applied chakra sadhana was based on the 7 central chakras prepared along our spine from our sacrum at its base and up to that crown at the uppermost point of our head. It is referenced in old-fashioned Vedic writings. After the application of this therapy for the initial 15 days along with basic yoga asanas, pre and post clinical interview results are scaled as per APA’s PTSD checklist (PCL-5) and Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-II). This clearly indicate the improvement of mental health in patient. Further follow up and medical check-ups are conducted weekly for post treatment of 2 months. Then the all six characters disappeared from her.
Copyright (c) 2023 A Sakthivel, P Kalyan, RR Bhattacharjee, A Ramkumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INEQUALITIES IN ACCESS TO COVID-19 VACCINES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
Despite approved vaccines against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) having been available for more than a year, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have been unequally affected by low vaccination coverage. The overarching goal of the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) mission is to ensure that all countries can secure enough doses to vaccinate 20% of their population before any one country vaccinates more than 20% of their population. However, limited resources, poor infrastructure and constrained financial capabilities have contributed to challenges in producing, acquiring, and distributing vaccines amongst developing nations. This review was aimed at identifying inequalities and proposing mitigation measures to minimize disparities in access and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in LMICs. A narrative literature review of scientific papers published during 2020-2022 was carried out accessing databases including Google Scholar and Medline (PubMed). Factors affecting access to COVID-19 vaccine research, manufacturing, procurement, and deployment capabilities were studied. The results revealed that the combined populations in LMICs that make up 84% of the global population were able to secure only 30% of the COVID vaccine doses produced in 2021. Alternatively, high-income countries make up 16% of the global population and had purchased 70% of vaccine doses produced in 2021. The causes were multifactorial and included challenges involving production, procurement and allocation, deployment, accessibility, and vaccine hesitancy. Mitigation measures include better manufacturing or procurement capabilities based on shared intellectual property and aid as well as better storage systems for temperature-sensitive vaccine deployment. Vaccine hesitancy can be mitigated by leveraging the influences of well-informed health care workers, social workers, political, religious and community leaders who can help dispel misinformation and improve vaccine acceptance among the masses. Reducing disparities in vaccination coverage of LMICs is an important step towards the global progress in combating the pandemic and especially in preventing the spread of potential viral variants.
Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)
Copyright (c) 2023 C Pai, H Finnane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BREASTFEEDING DURATION AS A PREDICTOR RELATED TO THE INCIDENCE OF EATING DIFFICULTIES IN CHILDREN AGED 24-36 MONTHS
Background: The condition of eating difficulties in children can cause disruption to the growth and development of children. One study in 2015 in the Kedungmundu district stated that most malnourished children had eating difficulty. Factors that influence it include organic factors related to medical conditions, and non-organic factors related to diet, breastfeeding behavior, and parental factors. This study aims to determine the relationship between breastfeeding behavior, maternal emotional factors, the application of basic feeding rules (BFR), culture in applying BFR to children’s eating difficulties. Methods: This study used mixed method with a cross sectional design. The study was conducted in the Kedungmundu district, Semarang City, Indonesia, in October 2022. The research subjects were taken by consecutive sampling as many as 55 subjects. Eating difficulty, implementation of BFR, cultural in implementing BFR, and maternal emotional factors were assessed using a questionnaire that had been through previous validity and reliability tests. Test analysis was carried out by using Mann Whitney and Chi Square. Results: The majority of children had eating difficulty (87.3%), female (54.2%), breastfed for 2 years (93.8%), exclusively breastfed (64.6%), had direct breastfeeding method (66.7%), mother’s emotional state isn’t good (58.3%), applies the BFR for child’s diet (79.2%), and had culture that supports the implementation of the BFR (93.8%). There is a significant relationship (p=0,018) between duration of breastfeeding and eating difficulties. Children also tend to get bored with monotonous food. Conclusion: Factor that influence the incidence of eating difficulties in children aged 24-36 months are the duration of breastfeeding. Food variations also affect children’s appetite which causes children to have eating difficulty.
breastfeeding, duration, eating difficulties, 24-36 months
Copyright (c) 2023 HD Anggraheny, G Ramaningrum, TK Setyorini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE GLOBAL EMERGENCE OF VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA (VAP) IN THE ERA OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Ventilator-associated pneumonia has been a well-known complication in the intensive care unit (ICU) and continues to be a real threat in patients infected with coronavirus disease (COVID- 19), particularly in those that progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with subsequent mechanical ventilation. Through a global perspective, this descriptive study was aimed at describing the patterns of co-infection with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients with COVID-19 ARDS. The global incidence rate of VAP in COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation was determined to be 41.2% supported by extended time spent on mechanical ventilation, increase in mortality rate, and the emergence of drug-resistant microbes. These outcomes are accompanied by the concomitant presence of previous antimicrobial use, invasive respiratory operations due to COVID-19 ARDS, and in some cases, corticosteroid treatment. The results of our findings add to the emergent threat of VAP as an important nosocomial infection as the COVID-19 pandemic persists.
Copyright (c) 2023 C Pai, JJ Larion https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COVID-19 ASSOCIATED MUCORMYCOSIS: A CASE SERIES REPORT AND AN UMBRELLA REVIEW
The emerging epidemic of COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis(CAM) has been recognized as a significant global public health threat. India accounted for majority of the globally detected CAM cases especially during the second wave of the pandemic in 2021. A severe form of invasive CAM called Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) led to high mortality and morbidity especially in COVID patients with predisposing factors causing immunosuppression such as diabetes mellitus, malignancies, and steroid therapy. This study was carried out to describe the demographic features as well as analyze the comorbidities and outcomes of patients diagnosed with CAM and to provide an umbrella review of published global systematic reviews on CAM with special reference to ROCM. In this case series report, we have noted the findings and outcomes of 12 COVID patients with CAM treated at two different tertiary care hospitals in India. All were males, with an average age of 54.25 years. 66.6% had invasive ROCM and 91.7% had poorly controlled diabetes. All received liposomal amphotericin B, 58.3% underwent surgical interventions and the mortality rate was 33.3%. We also conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews reported from 2020-2022. PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Google scholar databases and the PRISMA 2020 checklist were used to refine retrieval and review based on our study criteria. Common patterns were noted regarding the predisposing factors and treatment outcomes. Good glycemic control, the regulated use of steroids, proper decontamination of oxygen cylinders and the hospital environment as well as avoidance of overzealous use of steam inhalation have been proposed as important measures to control this epidemic.
Post COVID 19 Office Hybrid Work Arrangement
Copyright (c) 2023 C Pai, S Utamsing, D Bayardorj, A Harugop, V Gore https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF POST-COVID OFFICE HYBRID WORK ARRANGEMENT ON EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND SAFETY: A CASE STUDY OF UNI4 ONLINE WESTVILLE DURBAN SOUTH AFRICA
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic economy, health, and care systems were disrupted and this affected and shaped the future of work. The pandemic augmented many trends in employee work arrangement that had a major impact on businesses and employee health and safety and one of these trends is hybrid work arrangement. Globally, employers, government officials, health organisations, unions, and professional associations struggled to stay compliant. Occupational exposure and working conditions can have an undesirable or positive effect on the safety, health, and well-being of workers. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the effect of post-COVID office hybrid work arrangement on employee health and safety: a case study of Uni4 Online Westville Durban South Africa. Taking into consideration the aim of the study the following objectives guide the study i) to understand what hybrid work arrangement is. ii) to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected employee work arrangement, iii) determine the perceived challenges and opportunities in the application of hybrid work arrangement iv) make recommendations on the effective application of hybrid work arrangement at Uni4 Online Westville Durban South Africa. For this study, a secondary approach to data collection was undertaken. In this regard a total of 15 relevant articles were searched from different databases and search engines, The keywords were explored in three databases namely, Google Scholar, Ebsco-host, and Emerald. The findings from the literature showed that post-COVID hybrid work arrangements can affect workers psychologically because physical distancing through staying at home contributes to isolation and a lack of distinction between work life and home life. Furthermore, it was deduced that hybrid work arrangement creates challenges for workers because it creates fewer opportunities for career development and promotions because of weakened ties. In addition, workers in a hybrid work arrangement who were more dependent on others and generally received more feedback had fewer positive appraisals than those with more independent roles. The study recommends that both employees and managers need to develop new skills and capabilities to adjust to the new ways of working and utilising the prospects of Post COVID hybrid work. Also, firms should be concerned about sustainability implications when developing guidelines for Post COVID hybrid work, both in terms of social and ecological aspects.
Copyright (c) 2023 S Bangura https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN SELECTED HEALTHCARE FACILITIES: A QUANTITATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
The management of healthcare waste, known as Health Care Waste Management (HCWM), is an essential component of maintaining hygiene and proper upkeep within health facilities. This includes tasks such as the collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste. Unfortunately, in developing countries like Nepal, poor HCWM practices pose a significant public health risk. Sadly, HCWM has not been prioritized, and has only received sporadic attention in recent years. In numerous instances, healthcare waste is disposed of through burning in metal drums or openly, leading to the release of toxic by-products into the environment. In Nepal, inadequate HCWM practices contribute to a range of health hazards, such as needle stick injuries (NSI) or other sharps injuries that can cause Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV, as well as other health risks such as hemorrhagic fevers, skin infections, and gastroenteric infections. This study aimed to assess the practices of Health Care Waste Management (HCWM) in a specifically chosen health facility (HF) located in the Kailali district of Nepal. The research employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design and a quantitative method, in addition to a review and analysis of relevant literature and previous studies. The health facilities included in the study were both hospitals and health posts. The study employed an exploratory approach, and a purposive sampling method was used, where a total of 10 health facilities were visited; 5 government-run facilities and 5 private facilities. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather data, and responsible individuals from the institutions were interviewed regarding HCWM. On average, the ten health institutions (HI) generated 9 kg of waste per day. Out of the ten HIs, only five provided training in HCWM. Three HIs did not have guidelines for healthcare waste management and only four had waste management plans. Only one HI ensured that their waste handlers wore the necessary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Furthermore, nine out of the ten HIs did not have a monitoring system in place for HCWM. These findings highlight the need for mandatory training in HCWM for all responsible parties and the implementation of strict rules and regulations requiring the use of complete and necessary PPE by all responsible persons and waste handlers. Such measures would help prevent and protect against needle stick injuries and other diseases.
Copyright (c) 2023 P Paudel, J Thapa, Y Marasini, SK Shah, B Timilsina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NUDGING HEALTHIER PRODUCT CHOICE: FORMULATION OF ADOLESCENTS FOOD-CHOICE MOTIVES INTERVENTION IN SERANG DISTRICT, INDONESIA
Studies found that in low-middle-income countries, many people changed their lifestyle into a modern and industrialized lifestyle. Eating habits inevitably induced by personal food choice which has an independent effect on health. Establishment of eating habits and preferences mostly occurred in young age. Eating habits during adolescence period may sustain until adulthood with consequences for long-term health problem. This project aims to develop community-based intervention programme to tackle this adolescent food choice problem, and examine the effectiveness of a selected method in a sub-urban area in Serang district, Banten, Indonesia. A research on factors that drive food choice motives on adolescents was conducted through a focus group discussion, analysed by thematic analysis. Intervention program recommendation was then formulated by intervention mapping method. To examine the effectiveness of nudging application in minimarket, an experiment with customer acceptance and shopping motives survey was executed and analysed by SPSS. The results of the research show that behaviour of target groups is determined mostly by low self-regulation, family and peer influence, and limited food preparation time. Some intervention recommendations were developed to address these determinants, e.g. family-based intervention, peer-led intervention, and school collaboration. Culturally-sensitive learning environments could also be examined to ensure the effectiveness of nutrition education in that area. Nudging as one of assumed appropriate method to tackle an impulsive behaviour seemed to be not effective in increasing healthy product sales (p=0,741; p=0,316; p=0,342; p=0,247) but the customers showed a positive attitude towards its future application
Copyright (c) 2023 AN Zahira, J Leerlooijer, W Dardjono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF TUBERCULOSIS MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE (MDR-TB) IN ABU-ANGA TB REFERENCE HOSPITAL, SUDAN 2015 - 2021
Scarce information is available regarding the incidence, prevalence, diagnosis, and management outcomes of Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Sudan.. This study aimed to assess MDR-TB diagnosis, management, treatment outcomes and predictors of treatment in Abu-Anga TB Reference Hospital in Sudan between the period 2015 - 2021. A retrospective facility-based study was conducted on the records of 60 patients with MDR-TB. Twenty three patients with complete file records were enrolled in the study. Data collected from the hospital registry of the 23 MDR-TB case files was analyzed using (SPSS. Ver 24). Descriptive analysis was also used for counts percentages. Results of the study participants showed that among the 23 patients, multiple drug resistance type had the highest percentage (39.1%), Rifampicin resistance was (21.7%), poly-drug resistance represented (26%) with the Pre-XDR percentage (8.7%) and XDR types being at the lowest percentages (4.3%). The outcome of the treatment indicated that 10 patients (43.4%) were cured, 6 patients (26%) were lost to follow up, 4 patients (17.4 %) failed treatment, and 3 (13%) patients died. The findings of this study indicated that good outcome predictors were the adoption of Directly Observed Treatment Strategy, hospitalization treatment model, and in-patient treatment with family support. Poor treatment outcomes were significantly related to rural residency, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) co-infection, and treatment relapse. It is recommended to increase patient awareness among those living in rural areas to available treatment regimens and improve disease perception to increase treatment compliance and adherence. The study findings highlighted the importance of training of health providers on the proper recording and maintenance of all MDR-TB case files.
Copyright (c) 2023 MEH Mohamed, ME Hamad, AA Daffalla, MM Mukhtar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING KNOWLEDGE AND ITS RELATED FACTOR ON COVID-19 POST PANDEMIC
Inappropriate complementary feeding (CF) is a major cause of child malnutrition and is more difficult when the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) occurs in Indonesia. The COVID-19 pandemic has made changes to healthcare utilization. This study purposed to capture and see the determinants of the mothers' CF knowledge during the COVID-19 pandemic. It focused on 133 mothers who have children aged 6-24 months and have internet access. The study was a cross-sectional and observational study conducted in Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The online survey for four weeks (November-December 2021) was performed to assess mothers' knowledge regarding CF during the COVID-19 outbreak. The obtained data were analyzed using logistic regression against various parameters, including mothers' education, knowledge, etc. The results exhibited that most mothers were 20-40 years old and had a bachelor's degree. Among the studied population, knowledge level on CF practice during the COVID-19 was fairly acceptable even though 53.4% of mothers had never gone to maternal class during the pandemic. Maternal education was the strongest determinant of CF knowledge (p= 0.009), even during the outbreak. Next, the research revealed that the maternal class did not directly affect CF knowledge during the COVID-19. On the other hand, health workers' role was one of the strongest CF determinants (p= 0.01). In conclusion, even though it is crucial to have good awareness about CF, it is strongly recommended that healthcare keep improving their CF online consultation and health social media as a reliable source, especially during the pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2022 Asma Syifa Nabihah, Suminah, Anik http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMORBIDITIES AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PEOPLE WITH STAGE 2 HYPERTENSION: A STUDY IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA
Hypertension is a major public health issue throughout the world, including in Indonesia. Quality of life has been assessed in patients with hypertension, but few data have been reported from community settings. This study assessed the relationships between comorbidities and quality of life in people with stage 2 hypertension in an Indonesian rural community. This questionnaire-based study included 108 people (aged 45 years or older) living in a rural community who was diagnosed with stage 2 hypertension >6 months before the study began. The abbreviated version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument was applied to measure the quality of life. This instrument comprises four domains of quality life: physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health. Among the 108 participants, 73 (67%) self-reported having the comorbid disease; cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders were the most common. Only 31 (29%) reported having a good quality of life in the physical health domain (score ³60 on the quality-of-life instrument). The percentages of participants reporting good quality of life were 37 (35%), 50 (47%), and 48 (44%) for the domain’s psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health domains, respectively. A higher score for the comorbidities index was associated with lower quality of life (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the quality of life among rural people with stage 2 hypertension worsens with increasing comorbidities. Health and social support should be strengthened to help these people.
Copyright (c) 2022 Riana Rahmawati, Ahmad AM http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIAL CONNECTION DURING COVID-19: THE EXPERIENCES OF FIRST- AND CONTINUING-GENERATION UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation efforts (e.g., remote instruction) have significantly altered the higher education landscape. Since the onset of the pandemic, undergraduate enrollment has declined, particularly at public four-year universities and among first-generation students. Consequently, it is essential for researchers, administrators, counselors, faculty, and other higher education stakeholders to understand the impact of the pandemic on students (particularly first-generation students in the public university sector), as well as what resources are needed to address this impact. We explored social support, interpersonal connection, and relationship loss among university students during the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether those experiences differed as a function of generation status. Data were collected as part of the COVID-19 University Research on Education and Sustainability (CURES) Project, a multi-site study of adjustment and resilience among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Undergraduate students (N = 395) completed the Three-Item Loneliness Scale and the NIH Adult Social Relationships Scale and reported whether they had experienced the ending of any close relationship(s) during the pandemic. Only half of students reported access to emotional and instrumental social supports; two-thirds reported feeling isolated, disconnected, and left out; and about half reported having lost a close relationship. First- and continuing-generation students did not differ on these variables. Access to a supportive social network and involvement in enduring, intimate relationships are both strongly related to optimal health and well-being; thus, our results are concerning. There may be creative ways, however, for institutional stakeholders to build feelings of community and social connection among their student population.
Copyright (c) 2022 Pamela C. Regan, PhD, Isabel Osorio-Flores, BA, Lauren Rostholder, BA, Kaveri Subrahmanyam, PhD , Minas Michikyan, PhD http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MENTAL HEALTH DURING COVID-19: THE EXPERIENCES OF FIRST- AND CONTINUING-GENERATION UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
We explored mental well-being among university students during the first 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether those experiences differed as a function of generation status. Data were collected as part of the researchers’ participation in the COVID-19 University Research on Education and Sustainability (CURES) Project, a multi-site study of adjustment among college students during the pandemic. University students (N = 395, average age = 21 years) completed a measure of COVID-19-related stress, the CESD-10 depression inventory, and the GAD-7 anxiety scale. They also reported whether they had received any mental health treatment and whether they had seriously thought about and/or attempted suicide since the start of the pandemic. Although research has documented multiple (pre-pandemic) mental health differences between first- and continuing-generation students, we found none. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed no significant effects for generation status on the three multi-item measures; first-and continuing-generation students reported equally high levels of COVID-19-related stress, depression, and anxiety. Thirty percent of students reported the onset of suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic (no generation status differences). Few students (16%) had received mental health treatment since the start of the pandemic (no generation status differences). The pandemic appears to have blurred prior differences between first- and continuing-generation students and to have exacerbated the challenges faced by all students. Identifying these challenges is an essential first step toward developing methods for enhancing student well-being as we move through and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2022 Pamela C. Regan, PhD, Lauren Rostholder, BA, Isabel Osorio-Flores, BA, Kaveri Subrahmanyam, PhD, Minas Michikyan, PhD http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF PEERS IN ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH EDUCATION IN HIGH SCHOOL JUNIOR X BUKITTINGGI CITY, WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Currently the number of adolescents is estimated to be around 18% of the total world population. There is a transition from childhood to adulthood, and changes in body shape and function occur relatively quickly so that efforts are made to improve and prevent adolescent reproductive health problems. Adolescent reproductive health education is expected to be one way to prevent adolescents from facing risky sexual behavior. This study aims to determine the factors associated with reproductive health education in SMP X Bukittinggi city. This study used a cross sectional research design in April-November 2021. The sample in the study consisted of 74 students in class IX of in High School Junior X. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a relationship between the role of peers and adolescent reproductive health education (p-value = 0.031), where the role of peers had a risk of 3.19 times on adolescent reproductive health education. Comprehensive education for students by teachers in schools is needed as well as openness between people and children as well as the positive role of peers so that adolescent reproductive health education can be understood and applied in the daily lives of adolescents. at adolescent reproductive health education can be understood and applied in the daily lives of adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2022 Anggela Pradiva, Roza SH http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0