Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture
ISSN 2682-7018 (Online) Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture (AGRICO) are open-access double-blind peer-reviewed conference proceedings which publishes original scientific research papers, reviews and case studies related to Agriculture. Learn more about AGRICO Conference
EFFECTS OF HOT RED PEPPER (Capsicum annuum) AS AN ANTIOXIDANT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS
Broilers reared in semi-environmentally controlled housing are prone to stress caused by within-season fluctuation of weather conditions linked to climate change. Plant- based derivatives, such as hot red pepper (HRP), are among the alternative phytogenics rich in antioxidants, which could reduce the effects of stress in broilers. This study assessed the effects of supplementing HRP in drinking water on the growth performance of Ross 308 and Cobb 500 broilers until day 21. The experiment was conducted in a naturally ventilated broiler house at the University of Venda’s Experimental Farm, South Africa. A 2 (broiler strains) × 3 (HRP levels of 0, 10, and 15 g/L) factorial design with three replications was adopted. The HRP was oven-dried and ground to a fine powder that passed through a 200 μm sieve. The GLM procedure in Minitab version 21.4.1 was used to analyse the data, and the Tukey test was used to separate the means. Strain × pepper interactions affected feed consumption (FC) during days 15-21 (P< 0.05) and days 8-21 (P< 0.01). Ross 308 on 15 g/L had a higher FC i) of 99 g/b/d than the 85 g/b/d observed on 0 g/L for this strain, and ii) of 81 g/b/d than the 72-75 g/b/d for Ross 308 on 0 g/L and for Cobb 500 on all pepper levels, respectively. Pepper affected (P<0.05) FCR during days 15-21. FCR was better for 0 g/L (1.32) than for 15 g/L (1.50). Strain affected (P>0.01) weight gain during days 15-21and day-21 body weight. Ross 308 gained more weight (68 g/b/d) and was heavier (948 g) than Cobb 500 (62 g/b/d and 899 g, respectively). It was deduced that the FC of Ross 308 increased when the HRP level increased, while that of Cobb 500 did not. The similarities in FCR (1.2 - 1.5) among treatments lead to the conclusion that supplementing 15 g/L HRP in drinking water benefits Ross 308 (a heavier strain). The inclusion of 15 g/L HRP for Ross 308 will benefit small-scale farmers, as birds will reach the targeted market weight earlier, resulting in savings on feeding costs and improved economic sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF VANILLA CULTIVATION (Vanilla planifolia): A CASE STUDY IN KANDY DISTRICT
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is the main vanilla species cultivated in Sri Lanka, with cultivation is mainly concentrated in the Kandy District. The Kandy District was selected as the study area to obtain detailed information on vanilla cultivation practices in Sri Lanka. Although vanilla is considered a minor export crop, it has significant potential for expansion due to the favorable agro-climatic conditions available in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct an economic analysis of vanilla cultivation in Sri Lanka to assess its profitability and potential contribution to the national economy. A total of 150 vanilla farmers registered under the Gangai Ihala Korale Divisional Secretariat Division constituted the study population, from which 80 farmers were selected using Simple random sampling. Primary data on the economic aspects of vanilla cultivation were collected through face-to-face interviews, while secondary data were gathered through an extensive literature review. The results revealed that the total annual variable cost was Rs. 15,750, accounting for 29.1% of the total cost, while the total annual fixed cost was Rs. 38,214, representing 70.8% of the total cost. Accordingly, the total annual cost of vanilla cultivation was Rs. 53,964.29. The gross income per acre was Rs. 259,370.10, with a cumulative gross income from the establishment period to the present amounting to Rs. 889,814.60. The average annual yield was 73.38 kg, and the gross profit margin per plant was Rs. 1,134.22 during the final year of harvesting. The net profit margin was calculated as Rs. 205,405.90. The benefit–cost ratio was 4.8, the gross revenue ratio was 0.21, and the expense structure ratio was 2.43. The payback period was estimated at 3.2 years, and the return on investment was 4.37. Since the benefit–cost ratio exceeded unity, the findings indicate that vanilla cultivation is economically profitable. The study highlights that vanilla cultivation represents a promising income-generating activity for farmers and has potential to contribute to rural economic development. Therefore, it is recommended to promote vanilla cultivation, particularly among women and youth. Furthermore, improvements in protection methods against wild animal damage, dissemination of technical knowledge on improved cultivation practices, and enhanced extension services are recommended to strengthen the sustainability and expansion of vanilla cultivation in Sri Lanka.
KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION LEVEL TO THE TECHNICAL PACKAGE OF VANILLA CULTIVATION (Vanilla planifolia): A CASE STUDY IN KANDY DISTRICT
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is a minor export crop in Sri Lanka; however, it ranks as the second most expensive crop globally, making it a significant source of income. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and adoption of recommended practices of Vanilla cultivation, to analyze the economic performance of Vanilla in Sri Lanka, and make appropriate suggestions to improve Vanilla cultivation in the country focusing on the Ganga Ihala Korale divisional secretarial division, which has the highest number of Vanilla growers in the Kandy district. Primary data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with farmers. The study population consisted of Vanilla growers in Sri Lanka, with 80 farmers (53%) selected from the 150 registered under the extension office in Ganga Ihala Korale divisional secretarial division. Data analysis employed inferential analysis techniques. Knowledge and adoption of the recommended practices were measured by employing a knowledge and adoption index with three-point scale. Based on the findings, a significant majority of farmers showed a high level of knowledge (97.5%) and adoption (95%) concerning the recommended practices for Vanilla cultivation. According to the Pearson correlation analysis, knowledge and adoption of the recommended practices of Vanilla cultivation were highly correlated (r = 0.631, p = 0.00). It was further observed that cultivated land extent (r = 0.225, p = 0.04) and the number of plants in the field (r = 0.245, p = 0.04) were also significantly correlated with the adoption level. The findings suggest a strong correlation between the high adoption rate and extensive knowledge regarding the recommended practices for Vanilla cultivation. That mean Vanilla cultivation totally depend on adoption and knowledge of recommended practices. Considering these findings, it is recommended to promote Vanilla cultivation, especially among women and younger individuals. Suggestions for improving Vanilla cultivation include enhancing protection methods against wild animals, providing knowledge on different cultivation techniques, and encouraging the youth through increased knowledge dissemination programs.
EXPLORING THE FOOD SECURITY CHALLENGES FACING SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN GERT SIBANDE DISTRICT, SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa faces high unemployment, leading to extreme poverty, energy shortages, and rising living costs. The agricultural sector in the country is no exception in these challenges, but farmers (smallholder farmers) remain resilient, making the sector one of the key role players ensuring food security and employment. The study explored the food security challenges that smallholder farmers face in achieving food security in Gert Sibande District, South Africa. The study's objectives were to determine the food security status of smallholder farmers in the study area and to examine the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in their efforts to achieve household food security. The study employed the random sampling method to select 275 smallholder farmers who participated in the study. A mixed research design method was employed, and data were collected using structured questionnaires and focus group discussions. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 27) software was used to analyse the data collected using descriptive and inferential statistics. The Food Consumption Score (FCS) was used to analyse the food security status. The study's major findings are that 90.5% of the farmers are encountering challenges when buying food for their families, as well as 65.1 % respondents stating that they are not receiving any external support. Therefore, it is recommended that future research examines the potential of young farmer in the study area towards their contribution to ensure food security among households.
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural sciences
ECO-FRIENDLY BIO-OVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF GREEN-SYNTHESIZED COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FROM Persicaria barbata and Crescentia cujete: AGAINST GOLDEN APPLE SNAILS (Pomacea canaliculata)
This study addresses the destructive impact of golden apple snails on rice production by evaluating the bio-ovicidal activity of Persicaria barbata and Crescentia cujete extracts enhanced with green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). Ultrasound-assisted extraction and coconut sap vinegar were used as the optimal extraction methods. The synthesized CuONPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, showing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands at 301 nm for C. cujete and 307 nm for P. barbata. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of CuO bonds at 426.59 cm−1 to 594.12 cm−1, and SEM-EDX revealed unique morphological and elemental compositions, with strong signals for copper and oxygen, along with weaker signals for potassium, sulfur, and carbon, reflecting the phytochemical constituents in the extracts. Treated golden apple snail eggs showed no hatchability, and a changed color from bright pink to black were observed indicating mortality. Probit analysis revealed LC50 values of 67.55% for P. barbata CuONPs and 82.97% for C. cujete CuONPs, with P. barbata obtaining higher toxicity at lower concentrations. The study demonstrates that green synthesized CuONPs from Persicaria barbata and Crescentia cujete extracts effectively inhibit the hatchability of golden apple snail eggs, indicating the potential eco-friendly pesticide for pest control in rice production.
Persicaria barbata; Crescentia cujete; Copper oxide nanoparticles; Golden apple snails
Nanotechnology, Biopesticide, Bio-ovicide, Persicaria Barabata, cresentia cujete
EXPLORING HOW SUBSISTENCE FARMERS VIEW THE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE AND ITS ADOPTION IN MOPANI DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE (RSA)
Soil erosion rates are escalating due to intensive agriculture and unsustainable practices, presenting significant challenges for small-scale farmers. To address this issue, the adoption of Conservation Agriculture (CA) is essential, requiring commitment from stakeholders and adjustments in tillage methods. The primary objective of this research was to statistically assess farmers' perceptions of the benefits of CA. The aim was to investigate the extent to which technical knowledge and perceived economic and environmental benefits correlate with and predict farmers' intention to implement CA practices. A quantitative research approach with purposive sampling was used. Primary data were collected using questionnaires developed with Evasys software from the University of the Free State. Physical copies of bar-coded EvaSys questionnaires were distributed for self- administration. The data were organized and analysed using Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), utilizing descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviations, and score ranges to present the results. Thirty-five farmers met the study's criteria, with females representing 56.3% and males 43.8%. Most participants were between 36 and 60 years old. Farmers expressed positive views on CA, citing benefits such as increased yields, reduced costs, and improved soil structure. Their motivations for adopting CA included economic benefits, reduced risks, and improved environmental outcomes. Participants demonstrated a strong understanding of CA principles, including minimum soil disturbance and crop diversification. Their positive attitudes were linked to benefits like effective erosion control and improved soil health, underscoring the importance of CA for sustainable farming. These findings can inform policy by aligning government support with farmers' needs. Understanding farmers' views on CA is crucial for enhancing extension services and promoting its adoption, ultimately improving food security, climate resilience, and environmental sustainability.
COMPARATIVE CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSIS OF TALL SPINDLE AND GUYOT TRAINING SYSTEMS IN MOUNTAIN APPLE PRODUCTION
In modern apple cultivation, the choice of orchard training system is a critical factor that directly influences yield, fruit quality, resource efficiency, and energy performance, especially in mountainous regions, where topographic constraints increase operational intensity. This study evaluated the energy performance of two orchard training systems in the mountainous region of Northern Italy: the conventional Tall Spindle (TS) and innovative Guyot (GS) systems. Using the Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) framework, the analysis quantified primary energy intensity across a "cradle-to-farm-gate" system boundary, with all inputs normalized to a functional unit of 1 kg of fresh apples. The results show that the Guyot system reduces the total cumulative energy demand by 22.9%, from 1.44 MJ kg−1 for TS to 1.11 MJ kg−1 for GS. This reduction stems primarily from decreased electricity use (-49.5%) and lower energy embodied in machinery (-66.9%) due to the narrow canopy, which minimizes the need for elevated harvesting platforms. However, GS requires greater embodied energy in the trellis infrastructure (+18.4%) owing to its narrow- row design. Despite these gains, both systems remain heavily reliant on non-renewable fossil sources, which account for over 93% of the total demand, with diesel and fertilizers as persistent energy hotspots. The study concluded that architectural redesign toward simplified narrow-canopy structures is a primary lever for improving energy efficiency in mountain orchards, enabling significant energy savings without compromising yield. Therefore, future research and implementation should focus on integrating architectural innovation with precision input management and renewable energy adoption to further enhance resource efficiency and advance sustainable intensification in mountain agriculture.
EFFECT OF SORGHUM FLOUR-CORN GRITS RATIO AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDATES USING TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER
Sorghum has been widely developed in the last decade, but the current utilization of sorghum is still limited. For this reason, innovation in food products that can utilize this material is needed. The extrusion process can turn certain food products into snacks with minimal processing. In addition, this snack can directly impact for food industry because is such a product innovation for health-conscious consumers. This study also aimed to determine the effect of sorghum-corn blend ratio and initial moisture content on the physical properties of extrudates. The material used was sorghum flour mixed with corn grits. The equipment used was a lab-scale twin screw extruder (Shandong, SYSLG-IV) with a capacity of 5 - 10 kg. This research design used two treatments, namely the ratio (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) and the initial moisture content of the material (12%, 14%, 16%, and 18%). Furthermore, the physical properties of the extrudate were analyzed, including final moisture content, expansion ratio, particle density, density, water solubility index, water absorption index, color, and hardness. The results showed that increasing the sorghum ratio up to 40% decreased the expansion ratio and lightness and increased particle density, bulk density, hardness, WAI, WSI, and final water content. Blending sorghum with corn grits up to 20% still showed consumable physical properties of the extrudate, while the highest moisture content still allowed as food was 14%.
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORECASTING IMPACTS ON HABITAT CONSERVATION UNDER SDGS IN YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA
The projected gradual loss of biodiversity due to rising temperatures and decreasing precipitation poses a serious threat to biodiversity hotspots, such as Yunnan Province in China. These areas are rich in unique species and ecosystems, and their conservation has become a pressing global issue. As climate change continues to intensify, the challenge of conserving these vulnerable areas has become a focal point for environmental research and policy. The aim of this study was to assess and classify habitat fragmentation in core habitat areas of the province, and to model the specific values of temperature increase and precipitation sharp decrease predicted over the next 20 years in these areas. The systematic approach in this study places a strategic emphasis on identifying and establishing ideal routes that seamlessly connect high-quality habitats, ultimately enhancing biodiversity conservation efforts. Habitat quality was assessed and classified using the INVEST model combined with mean standard deviation analysis. Subsequently, core habitat areas were identified and classified by using the Morphospatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) model. The Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model was used to construct 302 ecological corridors with a total length of more than 6,000 km to mitigate habitat fragmentation and to classify their importance in order to mitigate habitat loss of flagship species such as the Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) and the Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) in the region. The findings of this study are contextualized within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land), which focus on biodiversity conservation and climate action. We discussed the implications of the study’s findings for the future of the region, emphasizing the importance of sustainable development and the need to conserve biodiversity, maintain ecosystem stability, and contribute to the achievement of the SDGs.
ENHANCING WORK-READINESS AND EMPLOYABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL GRADUATES THROUGH A WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING PROGRAM
Amidst a rapidly changing global agricultural landscape, a different set of knowledge, skills and attitudes is demanded by new entrants into the agricultural value chain. Such a changing landscape presents opportunities for universities to innovatively improve their products, processes, and systems. In this context, this paper presents one such innovation and focuses on the structure and content of a work-integrated experiential learning (WIL) component in the Agricultural Management curriculum offered by the Nelson Mandela University. Quality assessment feedback of students who completed a WIL program were analysed. The objective was to assess the program at two levels:1) the process level (the program design and delivery), as well as 2) the content level (improvement in managerial skills of graduates and the extent to which the Critical Cross-field outcomes (CCFOs) of the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) were addressed). Quality assessment questionnaires containing both structured and open-ended questions from different student year-groups over four consecutive years were analysed. The analysis dealt with responses (n=65) to structured Likert-type questions, supported with narratives from open-ended questions. At the process level the design and delivery of the program was rated fairly high (mean scores > scale mid-point). At the content level, the top four management skills that students perceived as having improved were teamwork, information management, decision making and cross-functional integration (> 95% rated sufficiently and above). All of the CCFOs can be achieved through the WIL program (> 78% rated sufficiently and above). The study makes a unique contribution towards emphasising how the elements of adequate design, content and execution of a WIL program can be integrated purposefully to enhance work-readiness and employability of agricultural graduates.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILISERS ON VEGETABLE GROWTH AND YIELD IN SOUTH AFRICA
This study investigates environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional inorganic fertilisers in South African agriculture. Inorganic fertilisers are known to pose risks to human health, environment, and groundwater. It assesses the efficacy of organic alternatives such as vermicompost, bokashi compost, and cow manure, when compared to inorganic fertilisers concerning the growth and yield of spinach, carrots, and peas. The experiment, conducted in a 10.08 m² rural garden plot in Bhongweni, assessed plant height, leaf length, number of leaves, branches, stipules, and pods monthly. Vegetable yields were measured during harvest, focusing on the number of leaves in spinach and carrots and the number of pea pods. Statistical analyses using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test were employed to determined significant differences in the growth and yield of the pre-selected vegetables based on fertiliser type. Results indicated significant effects of different fertilisers on spinach height and leaf length. For carrots and peas, organic fertilisers significantly affected growth and yield by the third month. The findings suggest that organic fertilisers, specifically vermicompost, bokashi compost, and cow manure, are promising alternatives for sustainable vegetable production compared to inorganic fertilisers. This study recommends further research to optimise application rates and understand the mechanisms behind improved plant performance with organic fertilisers.
MICROPROPAGATION OF Dendrocalamus sericeus
Micropropagation of Sang Mon bamboo tissue culture using bamboo node explant can increase the number of plants for rapid utilization. Therefore, this experiment aimed to study the sterilization of node explant and suitable medium for shoot induction and shoot multiplication. The method suitable for disinfecting node explant for bamboo was established. First, the node explant was washed and thoroughly rinsed with soap, then immersed in 70% alcohol for 2 min, in 10% Clorox® for 15 min, in 5% Clorox® for 10 min, (Add 1-2 drops of Tween20 to Clorox®) and in fungicide (Fosetyl-aluminium) at a concentration of 1.5 g L-1 for 1 hr. The bamboo node was washed three times of autoclaved distilled water. It was found that the leas microbial contamination was 25.89±6.22% and the number of shoots was 1.35±0.24 shoots/node. This disinfection method was applied before shoot induction and shoot multiplication. For shoot induction, nodes were cultured on solid MS medium supplemented with 0, 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1 BA, with 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1 BA and 1 mg L-1 KIN and with 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1 BA and 1 mg L-1 NAA for 4 weeks. The results showed that the explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 4 mg L-1 BA had a maximum induced shoot at 67.53±7.80%, an average of shoot numbers at 4.03±0.23 shoots/node and shoot length of 3.52±0.44 cm. Then, three shoots per clump were sub-cultured onto solid medium or liquid MS medium supplemented with 0, 2, 3 and 4 mg L-1 BA for shoot multiplication. After cultured for two weeks the results showed that medium-stage and BA concentrations were not significantly different on shoot multiplications and shoot length. Hence, this protocol can be used for micropropagation of D. sericeus and a database for the tissue culture of other bamboo species.
shoot induction and shoot multiplication
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Plant Science Tissue culture)
THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM NITRATE AT DIFFERENT CONCENRATIONS ON PLANT GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT STORABILITY OF CUCUMBER “Cucumis sativus L.” VAR. PIPINITO
Cucumber plants var. pipinito (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown in an open field and treated with different levels of calcium nitrate (75g, 150g, and 225g) to assess its performance with different characters for pre-harvest study. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of calcium nitrate at different concentrations on plant growth, yield and fruit storability at room temperature storage. The fruits from the same grown plants were then used for the postharvest losses assessment using different level of calcium nitrate (9.36g/2L, 18.75g/2L, 28.125g/2L) by dipping the fruits for 20 minutes on the prepared solution. Calcium nitrate application at 150g (T3) resulted to higher yield and has positive effect in most of characters studied. Also, treatment of calcium nitrate on fruits after harvest was beneficial in controlling fruit weight loss and maintaining TSS at higher level during storage. Postharvest application of calcium nitrate to cucumber fruits in this study extend storage shelf life, decrease fresh weight loss, decrease leakage of electrolytes and ascorbic acid content and ethylene production. Moreover, the storability and quality of cucumber fruits was prolonged due to the positive effect of calcium nitrate application.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF SELECTED PLANT SPECIES FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION
Phytoremediation is effective and sustainable for treating agricultural wastewater. Constructed wetlands use phytoremediation plant species to absorb and break down water pollutants and remediate wastewater. The growth rate and evaporation of suitable plant species are not widely reported to permit their use in constructed wetlands. This study aimed to measure the growth rate and predict the evapotranspiration rate of Typha latifolia, Phragmites mauritianus and Chrysopogon zizaniodes using the rhizobox technique. Nine rhizoboxes were constructed to establish seedlings of T. latifolia, P. mauritianus and C. zizaniodes. Evapotranspiration, root depth and leaf area were measured daily for 67 days. Multiple linear regression models (MLRMs) were derived for each plant species, where the evapotranspiration rate (ET) was expressed as a function of the following variables: leaf area (LA), root depth (RD), sunshine hours (SH), relative humidity (RH), wind run (WR), and temperature (T). T. latifolia consumed 16.70 L of water, which is approximately the total volume of water used by P. mauritianus (6.40 L) and 0 (10.51 L). The daily leaf area increases were 2.8±1.4, 11.3±7.4 and 29.2±15.0 cm2.day-1 for P. mauritianus, C. zizanioides, and T. latifolia, respectively. The daily root growth was 1.2±0.5, 1.0±0.3 and 0.6±0.2 cm.day-1 for T. latifolia, C. zizanioides, and P. mauritianus, respectively. The MLRM differed among species, and the R2 values were greater than 0.89. The regression equations obtained were as follows: T. latifolia, ET= 78+5.46*RD–0.0191*LA + 0.153*WR-2.42*RH + 2.45*T+3.74*SH; P. mauritianus, ET= 172+1.31*RD+0.552*LA + 0.170*WR–1.65*RH – 3.40*T+2.11*SH; and C. zizanioides, ET = 140+3.61*RD+0.0320*LA + 0.195*WR–1.91*RH – 0.78*T+2.83*SH. A comprehensive understanding of the determinants of evapotranspiration, vegetation growth rates and regression models is fundamental for design optimisation, successful operation and maintenance of constructed wetlands.
EFFECTS OF TILLAGE AND COMPOST APPLICATION ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT AND TEFF GROWTH AND YIELD IN SOUTH AFRICA
Intensive farming negatively affects soil quality, by reducing the soil organic matter and increasing acidification, nitrification, desertification, contamination by agrochemicals, compaction, and erosion. The use of appropriate tillage systems (TS) and fertilizer rates is of importance to reduce these negative impacts on the environment. The integrated effect of TS and compost application on crop performance and soil quality is not often studied and requires more exploration. A factorial experiment was set-up to investigate the interaction effect of compost rate (CR) and TS on soil organic carbon (SOC), teff growth and yield during the 2021-2022 summer cropping season. Treatments consisted of two TS (minimum [MT] and conventional [CT] TS) and three rates of chicken manure co-composted with cattle manure (0, 20 and 40 t ha-1). MT involved chisel-ploughing, whereas CT involved the use of chisel-plough, mould-board plough, and disc-harrow. Grain yield (GY) and SOC from the MT were significantly higher (35% and 69%, respectively) than those recorded from the CT. The 20 t ha-1 rate under MT gave the highest SY (2511 kg ha-1), while the control under CT gave the lowest SY (1223 kg ha-1). Generally, compost application increased SOC, plant height, panicle length, GY and SY by up to 30%, 8%, 15%, 24% and 44% (20 t ha-1), respectively, compared to control. In conclusion, this study revealed that reducing tillage activities leads to more SOC and that it is important to consider the CR and TS interaction when selecting the agronomic practices for optimizing straw production.
THE EFFECTS OF PINEAPPLE CAPSULAR AND MICROBIAL FERTILISERS WITH DIFFERENT APPLICATION RATES ON FRUIT MORPHOLOGY, BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES, AND SOIL NUTRIENTS IN PEAT SOILS
The MD2 variety of pineapple exhibits a substantial level of demand from both China and the Middle East, emphasising the significance of this crop in these regions. Most pineapple cultivation in Malaysia occurs in peat soil, requiring substantial fertiliser application throughout growth. Peat soil exhibits limited productivity and does not adequately facilitate optimal plant growth. A research investigation was undertaken to mitigate the reliance on traditional fertilisers by utilising capsular fertilisers and microbes to improve the growth of pineapple crops in peat soil. Seven treatments and four replications were performed using conventional pineapple fertiliser and capsule fertiliser with microbes at various fertiliser application rates. The pineapple cultivar employed in this study is MD2. The findings indicate no statistically significant impact on pineapple morphology when comparing capsule fertiliser and microbes to conventional fertiliser. However, the fruit weight of conventional fertiliser is slightly heavier. Nevertheless, in terms of flavour, pineapple cultivated with capsule and microbial fertiliser exhibits a more pronounced sweetness than conventional fertiliser. The observed nutrient content in the soil did not demonstrate a statistically significant impact across all treatment conditions. Nevertheless, utilising capsule fertilisers containing microbes with lower application rates than conventional fertilisers proves to be a viable approach in mitigating the overreliance on chemical fertilisers while concurrently fostering the growth of pineapple plants..
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CHARACTERIZATION OF CILEMBU IPOMOEA BATATAS TYPICAL AGRICULTURAL LAND USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY (ERT) AND MICROTREMOR APPROACHES
Agricultural productivity is highly correlated with soil physical characteristics. Generally, the characterization of agricultural land is done traditionally, but this research raises a new problem in agriculture where the characterization of the physical properties of agricultural land is determined based on microtremor data processed using the HVSR method. Determination of the physical characteristics of the soil in this study was conducted to determine the relationship between the physical properties of the soil on the productivity of sweet potato farming land. This research was conducted on sweet potato farms in Cilembu village. The results of this study provide information about the structure of shallow soil layers in Cilembu sweet potato farms, also can be used by farmers to determine good land for planting sweet potato by knowing the thickness of the layer and the friability of the soil based on the value of the dominant frequency and amplification obtained from microtremor processing data. The results of HVSR method show that the more fertile areas frequency values are in range 9 – 14 Hz, and amplification from the range 2.5 – 4. Meanwhile, the range of resistivity values shows a quite large value in range 100 – 2400 Ωm, indicated that the soil in the Cilembu area originates from weathering of young volcanic rocks.
CHARACTERIZATION OF IPOMOEA BATATAS 'CILEMBU' NON TYPICAL AGRICULTURAL LAND USING THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY (ERT) AND MICROTREMOR APPROACH
Soil characterization investigations for the distribution of fertile soils have been carried out on non-typical agricultural lands with the aim that farmers can assess soil fertility problems which can increase crop productivity. This characterization was carried out using a high-precision agricultural approach with currently developing geophysical technology. The geoelectrical method is one of the geophysical methods that can be used to map spatial and temporal variations of soil physical properties. while Microtremor measurements can also be used in soil structure surveys to determine subsurface conditions. From these two methods, data were processed using geopsy software and RES2DINV which produced parameters of dominant frequency (f0), amplification (A), and resistivity (ρ). The processing results obtained resistivity values from 100 to 600 Ωm, dominant frequency values from 3.697 to 4.545 Hz and amplification values from 3.1 to 5.4. The study area shows resistivity values ranging from 100 to 600 Ωm, this indicates an alluvial soil type area that is rich in minerals and suitable for cultivating organic Cilembu sweet potato. This agricultural area also has a frequency value below 4 which indicates that the area has thick sediment, this is due to the decreasing topography of the land from east to west so that there are differences in elevation on agricultural land. This agricultural area also has an amplification value above 4 which indicates that in this area the soil is heterogeneous, dense enough to allow the soil to absorb water better so that in that area the soil is more fertile than soil with low amplification (< 4).
THE EFFECT OF BIO-STIMULANT APPLICATION METHODS ON THE GROWTH AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF CHILLI SEEDLINGS
Bio-stimulants have gained vast recognition in recent years as vigorous research has been conducted to improve crop growth, yield, and quality. However, bio-stimulant utilization in soilless systems has been limited due to their rapid degradation and short lifespan. New formulations are essential to extend the longevity of bioactive compounds in the target site. This paper highlights the effect of different application methods, such as drenching soilless medium and foliar application, on the chlorophyll, total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid contents in chilli leaf. A completely randomized block design (RCBD) consisting of five treatments and three replications with ten plants per replication was adopted in this study. Moringa leaf extract (MLE) was prepared in a nano-emulsion form while bacteria were incorporated in nano-gel. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (IBM Statistics, version 28, USA). Foliar application of MLE nano-emulsion significantly increased the chlorophyll content (35.958±7.19 mg g-1) in chilli leaf than the drenching method (26.545±0.5 mg g-1) and non-encapsulated MLE foliar treatment (12.233±2.33 mg g-1). In addition, carotenoid (2.138±1.68 mg g-1) and phenolic contents (1.090±0.17 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1) in chilli leaf were higher when nano-emulsion of MLE used as foliar application than non-encapsulated MLE (1.725±1.08 mg g-1 of carotenoid and 0.993±0.16 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 of phenolic content). Compared to other treatments, the seedlings treated with encapsulated bacteria and nano-emulsion of MLE showed a significant increase in plant height. It was found that MLE nano-emulsion improved the photosynthetic activities of chilli plants significantly by increasing the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents when used as a foliar application. Nano-encapsulation technique protects the active ingredients in MLE and increases the absorption due to their nano-size and large surface area.
HERMETIC STORAGE TECHNOLOGY: REDUCING POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF DRIED AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
Insect infestation and mold growth are major problems during long-term storage of dried agricultural commodities as they result in weight loss, contamination, deterioration, and increase chances of fungal contamination. Mold growth often results in mycotoxin production, which is associated with health problems including aflatoxicosis, cancer, and micronutrient deficiencies. Hermetic storage technology, a bio-generated modified atmosphere based on oxygen-depleted and carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere caused by respiring living organisms in the sealed storage, was utilized for various trials in several locations. Several installations were done using GrainPro hermetic solutions including GrainPro Cocoon, Cocoon Indoor, and GrainPro Hermetic Bags (GHBs). Maize was stored in GrainPro Cocoon in Indonesia and was monitored using EcoWiSe, wireless sensing system designed to remotely monitor temperature, % Relative Humidity, and carbon dioxide level in gastight container. From this set-up, an increase in carbon dioxide level was observed and dead insects were found after long-term storage of maize. In the Philippines, rice bran was stored in GrainPro Cocoon for two months. The Free fatty acid (FFA) level remained low due to low oxygen levels inside the Cocoon. A trial was conducted in India for storage of red chili pepper (RCPs) in Cocoon Indoor and GHBs. Cocoon Indoor and GHBs were proven to be effective in preventing aflatoxin production during storage of RCPs for six months. Hermetic storage technology minimizes storage losses, prolongs shelf-life of agricultural goods by eliminating insect infestation, preserving the quality of stored commodity, and inhibits growth of molds and toxin production.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACTS OF ENSO AND IOD ON RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Agriculture is a key sector in Indonesia, with rice being a staple crop and a major source of food for the country's population. However, climate variability, including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events, can have significant impacts on agricultural productivity, particularly in lowland swamp areas where rice is cultivated. This research investigates the impact of both ENSO and IOD on rainfall and rice productivity in lowland swamp areas of South Sumatra, Indonesia, with a focus on food security. The study uses precipitation datasets generated by merging a satellite-gauge precipitation with precipitation observations from several rain-gauge stations located throughout South Sumatra for the period of 1983-2022. Historical data indicates that El Niño events combined with positive IOD phases lead to decreased rainfall in South Sumatra, often causing droughts. In contrast, La Niña phases with negative IOD increase precipitation, resulting in potential flooding and waterlogging issues. Rice cultivation analysis highlights Supron I as the predominant harvesting period, with 49.8% of the total harvested area. Following El Niño periods, there is a rise in harvested areas of Supron I, likely due to the transformation of dried swamps into farmable land. However, increased rainfall during La Niña adversely affects rice yields in this period. These observations highlight the importance of adaptive strategies in the face of climate variability to ensure food security in the region.
THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS DURING THE FERMENTATION PROCESS AND CRITICAL MOISTURE CONTENT DURING PRODUCT STORAGE
Trichoderma sp. is a well-known biocontrol agent of Ganoderma basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palms. A lot of commercial products containing the beneficial microbe are available around the world. PalmaShield, containing Trichoderma asperellum (M103), is one of the commercialized and marketed products in Malaysia by FGV Agri Services Sdn. Bhd. M103 has already been proven to suppress Ganoderma growth in in-vitro studies by causing more than 85% inhibition of radial growth and has reduced more than 50% of BSR disease infections at the nursery stage. The journey to mass produces the M103 requires optimization of the fermentation process and maintaining the stability of the final product. For the fermentation process, the physical parameters were tested. M103 can grow well in submerged fermentation with an initial pH of 3, an incubation temperature between 28 and 30°C, a shaker speed of 150 rpm, and an inoculum size of 2 to 3% v/v. The culture broth from the fermentation process is mixed with clay for the development of powder formulations. During the final stage, continuous contamination of the final product in storage would be challenging. The moisture content of the final product was found to be the critical parameter to be controlled to eliminate the risk of bacterial contamination and maintain the viability of M103. Therefore, several drying techniques were studied, and product stability was monitored for 1 year. These findings provide important parameters to be controlled during the production process of Trichoderma’s product in powder form.
Fermentation and Microbial Product Development
COMMUNITY-COLLECTIVE ACTION AND RURAL FOOD SECURITY IN RESOURCE-SCARCE CONTEXTS A CASE-STUDY OF VILLAGE-IRRIGATION TANK CASCADE BASED FARMING SYSTEMS IN SRI LANKA
Sustenance of local farming systems (FS) is inevitably linked with resource-endowment and the attributes of communities associated with them, playing a key role in ensuring rural food security. Hypothesizing that the local communities adopt collective action under resource-scarce contexts in community-managed FSs, this study explores the drivers and role of collective action in sustainable management of rural FSs. The study context refers to resource scarcity induced by impacts of climate change and severe economic crisis on the FSs established under Village-Tank-Cascade-Systems(VTCS) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka. Medde-Rambewa cascade system located in Nawagattegama, Puttalam district of Sri Lanka was the geographical scope of the study. Case-study approach was used with mixed methods of data collection and analysis. A household questionnaire survey (n=88), focused group discussions, in-depth interviews and field observations were used for primary data collection. Based on the findings, community members were found to adopt collective strategies for scarce resource management when they perceive themselves as key stakeholders in the sustenance of resource systems, coupled with awareness on causes (X2(1, N=88) =4.29, p=0.038) and effects (X2(1, N=88) =6.41, p=0.011) of resource degradation in the FSs established under VTCS. Collective irrigation-water sharing (Bethma) in lowland FSs (92%), sharing of labour (34%) and other farming inputs (seeds, fertilizer and machinery) (64%) were found to be adopted as strategies in response to resource scarcity. Findings support the hypothesis and the study concludes that resource scarcity itself, community members’ recognition on their role as key stakeholders of resource management and awareness on the nature of resource endowment are drivers of collection action within communities managing FSs established under VTCS, ultimately contributing to ensure rural food security.
Collective action and Rural food security
SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES ON WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG DRY SEASON IRRIGATED VEGETABLE FARMERS IN JIMETA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
This study analyzed the socio-economic influence of water management practices employed by dry season irrigated vegetable farmers in Jimeta, Yola North local government area, Adamawa State, Nigeria in November 2021. The data for this study were obtained by purposive sampling of 100 farmers using structured questionnaires and descriptive analytical tools such as frequencies and tables were used. Results show that 81% of the farmers practice surface irrigation, while 19% practice manual irrigation method. Respondent farmers indicate that there has been an increase in yield output in using selected irrigation method 75% agreed to that while 25% said no. Irrigation interval or frequency shows 13% irrigate after 1day interval, 49% indicate 2days interval before the next irrigation and 38% irrigate after 3days interval. Respondent farmers 24% said they experienced low level of water from water source, while 76% said they never experienced such low level. Farmers, 23% said they conserve water by repairing leaks in irrigation systems, 21% said they acquired knowledge in crop water requirements. Adoption of soil moisture monitoring device or climate information to determine when to irrigate were 21%, while 21% adjust their operating parameters of irrigation systems under windy conditions. The socio economic characteristics of the respondent farmers show more males, the level of informal education is low and farmers are not owners of the farm. The higher the educational attainment of farmers the higher their tendency to adopt more efficient irrigation methods and it is the same with farmers sources of information which in the study were found to be through radio. The study shows farmers practices of irrigation is influenced by their education and sources of information, 62% irrigate plot in interval of 1day and 2days is not good for water management practices. Belonging to cooperative organization, will help farmers learn from each other’s experience, the study shows this is lacking. Government should employ more extension workers, who will in turn teach farmers the best management practices required in irrigation water management in particular. There is the need for increase funding for dry season farming and the targeted farmers be direct beneficiaries of such interventions.
Copyright (c) 2023 Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF ESTABLISHING A FARMER COOPERATIVE TO REACH THE WELFARE OF FARMERS IN INDONESIA
Farmer cooperative, a priority program that must be realized to improve the welfare of farmers who are the main support for economic growth in facing challenges, during COVID-19 pandemic. The problem in Indonesia is that most farmers only have a narrow farming scale or less than 0.5 ha, it is almost impossible for farmers to organize themselves effectively and efficiently. For this reason, the research aims to analyze the extent to which the interests of farmers' corporations in improving the welfare of farmers. The research method is sourced from relevant stakeholders from the farmer level to the government, using a SWOT analysis and supporting secondary data, which was carried out in Demak Regency, Central Java Province. The results show that the rice farmer corporations in Demak Regency started from the Citra Kinaraya Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) as a Primary Cooperative with its main business being the cultivation and marketing of specially packaged rice. Some of the products that have been produced include brown rice, black rice, milky rice and genki rice (mix) with a rice production capacity of around 40-50 tons/month. This capacity has only reached about 5% of the production target of around 875-1000 tons of special rice per month, which is produced from a harvested area of 18-20 ha·day. Currently the Citra Kinaraya Multipurpose Cooperative is developing into a Provincial Primary Cooperative by consolidating farmers outside the District of Demak, like District of Kudus, Grobogan, Banyumas, Sragen, Semarang and Purworejo. In 2020, it has been initiated that this corporation will become a Farmer Corporations Major Project implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture involving Ministries/Agencies and Local Governments and serve as a benchmark in developing 345 Farmer Corporations until 2024.
A STUDY OF PLANT DISEASE DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION BY DEEP LEARNING APPROACHES
Agriculture is an important sector in India. In developing countries like India, employment opportunities are provided on large scale. Agriculture comprises many crops and nearly 70% of the population is depending on agriculture. In this study, we have collected more than 30 papers that are published on plant leaf disease identification and classification using Deep Learning algorithms. Plant leaf disease can be occurred by various factors like bacteria, viruses and fungi etc. Identifying the infected leaves is a demanding task for a farmer and also for a researcher. Nowadays, farmers are using pesticides on plants, as a result, it affects human health directly or indirectly and it causes economical loss. Plant Disease Detection techniques are used by the researchers in order to prevent it and the disease will be identified on time. This study will be a helpful resource for the researchers to identify the specific type of plant leaf diseases through deep learning techniques. This paper presents a detailed survey on different papers of various plant leaf diseases depending upon some important criteria like the number of classes (diseases and healthy), size of image dataset, pre-processing, image segmentation, types of classifiers, the accuracy of classifiers, etc
Changes in Bean Plant Growth in Lead-Contaminated Soil
Heavy metals are the stress factors that cause important problems in plant production and environment. Among the heavy metals that cause a decrease in plant growth and development, lead can have an important effect depending on its concentration. Higher concentrations in root rhizosphere can negatively impact plant growth and yield. In this study, parameters related to plant growth were investigated in beans grown in soil contaminated with lead at different concentrations (0, 1000, 1500, 2000 mg kg-1). The potting soil prepared in the greenhouse study was first treated with the indicated doses of lead and left to incubate for three weeks, and then seeds were sown in to the pots. In the study, the effect of lead application was evaluated on stem diameter, plant height, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, SPAD value, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, electrical leakage (EL) and leaf relative water content (LRWC) of bean seedlings. Findings of the study indicated that there was a significant decrease in growth and chlorophyll contents of bean seedlings in parallel with the increased lead dose. Also, with increasing lead level, LRWC decreased while EL increased. As a result, it has been determined that lead led to reduce in growth and development in bean seedlings, and seen that in the next stage, it will cause significant reductions in yield leads to economic loss of income for the producer.
Copyright (c) 2022 Proceedings of the International Conference on Agriculture http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Drought and Biostimulant Treatments Affected Organic Acid Content of Tomato Seedlings
Water stress causes significant problems in plant growth and development in arid and semi-arid regions in the world. Water stress symptoms especially appears during the seedling period of plants in many crops. However, the tolerance of plants to water stress can be increased with some exogenous biostimulant applications. The present study investigated the effect of exogenous biostimulant application on organic acid content of tomato seedlings under water stresses conditions. The study was conducted as pot experiment under controlled greenhouse conditions. Drought stress treatments was applied in two different levels; full irrigation (100%) and 50% of the field capacity in the study. 1% Zn, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azosprillum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1x109cfu/ml) mixture were used as a biostimulant treatment. The biostimulant solutions were prepared at a ratio of 1/10 and 1/5 and given to the tomato seedlings three times with one-week intervals as root drench. The effects of water stress and the solutions on organic acid content of tomato seedlings were determined in the study. The results were differed depending on the organic acid type under water stress and non-stress conditions. However, depending on the application doses; the negative effect of lower irrigation level on the organic acid content was alleviated. The results of the biostimulant application doses found statistically significant. In most of the organic acids, the application dose makes massive differences on the content of the organic acids. As a result, it is thought that the effect of lower irrigation level on tomato seedlings in terms of organic acid content can be improved by exogenous biostimulant applications.
Effects of Biostimulant Treatments on Amino Acid Content of Tomato Seedling under Water Deficit
In this study, the effect of biostimulant treatment against water stress in tomato seedling period was investigated. In the study conducted in the greenhouse conditions, water stress was applied in two different levels; full irrigation (100% of the field capacity) and 50% of the field capacity. The product used as a biostimulant has 1%Zn, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Azosprillum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1x109 cfu/ml) content. The solutions prepared at a ratio of 1/10 and 1/5 and were given to the plants three times with one-week intervals. The effects of water stress and biostimulant treatments on amino acid content in tomato seedlings were investigated. As a result of this study, some of the amino acid content in the plant leaf with has increased and some have decreased under different water availability conditions according to the amino acid type. However, depending on the application doses, it was seen that the negative effect of water stress on the amino acid content was alleviated. As a result of the current study, the effect of applications in reducing the damage caused by water stress on tomato seedlings may also be important in terms of amino acid content.
Distribution of Collected and Conserved Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Landraces in South African Gene Bank
Plant genetic resources are a collection of potentially useful genetic material that is found both within and between certain taxonomies. A good understanding of their distribution is necessary to protect the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Understanding the locality of the collected and conserved sorghum landraces in South African gene bank's germplasm core collection is therefore critical. The study, therefore aimed at mapping and quantifying the geographic distribution of sorghum landraces in germplasm core collection of the South African gene bank from 1996 to 2008. 312 sorghum landraces were collected and conserved in South African gene bank between 1996 and 2008. The geographical location of 152 villages in 57 municipalities, located in 23 District Municipalities of six (6) Provinces, was used to generate a spatial distribution of Sorghum accessions. The sorghum collections in the South Africa gene bank core collection revealed an important dispersion, covering different geographic areas, with the majority (40.1%) of collections made in Limpopo Province for a period of 12 years. It was observed that in 2003, the sorghum collection increased by more than three time the initial collection in 1996. In contrast, there was a decreasing trend of sorghum collection observed between 2003 and 2008. Crop diversity may be necessary for future climate adaption, and its conservation is dependent on human activities and performance. The current analysis is also valuable in identifying collection priority locations, both explored and unexplored. Between 1996 and 2008, there were changes in the geographical distribution of sorghum germplasms in South Africa, which might be related to changes in climatic and agronomic conditions, the introduction of new varieties, and/or the development of new agricultural practises.